Topic

Class Actions

How US class actions work: Rule 23 certification, opt-out rights, settlements and cy pres awards, plus current consumer and platform-safety class litigation.

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Section card for class action coverage: certification, opt-out rights and settlements.
Section card for class action coverage: certification, opt-out rights and settlements.

A class action binds people who never filed anything. That is its purpose and its main legal consequence, and it is why the rules around it are so specific.

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, a court must certify a proposed class before it can proceed. Certification requires numerosity, commonality, typicality and adequate representation, plus one of the Rule 23(b) conditions depending on whether the class seeks damages or injunctive relief. Certification is a ruling on procedure, not on the merits: a certified class can still lose.

Two consequences matter to readers:

  • Notice and opt-out. In a damages class, the court approves a notice programme. A class member who does not exclude themselves is bound by the result, including a settlement they did not negotiate. Deadlines in those notices are real and are set by the court.
  • Settlement administration. Approved settlements are administered by a court-appointed administrator, which publishes the official claim process. Unofficial sites that charge fees to “register” a claim are a recurring problem; the sources and verification guide explains how to confirm a settlement is genuine.

Current articles

  • Roblox child-safety claims covers the litigation and public scrutiny over child safety on the platform, and separates filed claims from the company’s own policy announcements.
  • Rideshare passenger safety claims covers what is alleged about driver screening and assault reporting, what the companies publish themselves, and how these claims are usually filed.

Related sections: mass tort for cases that look similar but are not class actions, and legal guides for the underlying procedure.

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